Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Optical communication systems have evolved significantly over recent years with the advent of advanced modulation techniques designed to enhance spectral efficiency and mitigate interference. Offset ...

Modulation is the process of varying a higher frequency carrier wave to transmit information. Though it is theoretically possible to transmit baseband signals (or information) without modulating it, ...

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) has been a fundamental component in the evolution of mobile connectivity. As the demand for faster data speeds and more efficient network utilization continues to ...

Wide bandwidth radio transmitters commonly use analog quadrature modulators (AQMs) to convert complex (I + j*Q) baseband signals to radio frequencies (RF). An AQM consists of a local oscillator (LO) ...

New modulation schemes don’t come along very often. In fact, it has been years…decades really…. since any new modulation method has been invented. Remember there are only three basic ways a carrier ...

Fig 1. In this view of the architecture of an optical analyzer, the coherent reference receiver serves as the optical front end to the digitizer, taking as inputs two single-mode fibers, one carrying ...