Hand-marked cards for applications like voting machines and meter readers often have dark marks, light marks, erasures, or dirt. Digital systems can't distinguish between an intended mark, dirt, or ...

Substituting the values from Table 1 into Equation 3 and 4, values for η and R S are obtained for this 'thermal diode' treated as a 2-terminal diode and listed in Table 2. Figure 2 is a plot of two ...