Until the last few years, the narrow bandwidth (300kHz) of the 950MHz radio channels, which was adequate for the audio and technical standards of the all-analog world, was insufficient to handle the ...

Diverse well describes the myriad digital modulation schemes used in modern voice and data communications. The alphabet soup of terminology extends well beyond the familiar QAM and GMSK fundamentals ...

Modulation is fundamental to electronic communications. The modulating signal might be analog in nature (voice or music) or digital bit streams. Most modern communication systems are digital, using ...

Modern society is definitely more mobile than it was several decades ago. Accompanying the increased mobility is a corresponding craving for greater quantities of information. The increased demand has ...

One of digital communication's most useful tools, both analytically and practically, is the constellation diagram. These diagrams encompass signal constellations, which chronologically and ...